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Forensic sketches of famous, fictional killers [/w PICTURES]

So, who’s the most famous serial killer in the world? Ted Bundy? Richard Chase? John Gacy? True enough, these were gruesome murderers that will unfortunately remain in our memories for a long time. The most famous killers in the world, however, aren’t real. Dracula, Norman Bates (Psycho), Jack Torrance (The Shining) are some of the most popular and beloved fictional characters in the world. Here are some great forensic sketches of some of the most famous fictional killers, as per the minute descriptions straight from the books. Enjoy!

dracula

norman bates sketch

annie wilkes sketch

jack torrance

 

Forensic Science Masters in UK

University Anglia Ruskin University
Duration 12 to 30 months
Type Full time
Tuition and fees UK/EU- £8,000; Overseas: £12,500
Program link

Program information

This course is heavily biased towards analytical science in the broadest sense, reflecting the requirements of employers in forensics and the wider science and technology field. It will enable you to develop a range of analytical skills developed in a forensic environment, and will offer you a strong grounding in the design and implementation of research programmes. The core courses are:

– Evidence Collection and Management
– Mastering Forensic Analysis
– Mastering Forensic Evidence
– Masters Research Project
– Research Methods and Preparation
– Specialised Topics (15 credits)
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Other useful information

This course is suitable for candidates who wish to specialise in Forensic Science as a progression from their first degree in forensic science and for candidates coming into Forensic Science with a strong background in traditional analytical science. This course is accredited by The Forensic Science Society.


 

 

University King’s College London
Duration 12 to 30 months
Type Full time
Tuition and fees UK/EU £10,500; Overseas: £19,570;
Program link

Program information

Forensic science covers a wide range of disciplines, most of which are based on chemistry and biology. As their careers progress, forensic scientists often develop specialisms but a broad knowledge of forensic science is a prerequisite. The core programme content is:

– Drugs & Toxicology
– Forensic Biology
– Forensic Process
– Forensic Project
– Principles Of Forensic Science

Other useful information

Accreditation by Forensic Science Society accredited course, taught modules cover: Separation science, DNA profiling, population genetics, trace evidence analysis, court procedures, drugs and toxicology etc. Plus 14 week (or 28-week extended) research project in a forensic (or related) laboratory, in the UK, the EU or further afield.


 

University University of Derby
Duration Full time 12 months; Part time 24 months
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees UK/EU students
£495 per module (you usually take 9 of these modules in total). International students: £10,955
Program link

Program information

The modules are:
– research skills
– research methods
– essential skills for scientists
– independent research

Other useful information

The program is designed a mixture of taught face to face and online. The Research Skills and Research Methods modules are both offered online with regular drop in sessions.


 

 

University University of Kent
Duration 12 months
Type Full time
Tuition and fees UK/EU- £5,100; Overseas: £14865
Program link

Program information

The University has really good facilities for studying forensic science: NMR spectrometers (including solutions at 600 MHz), several infrared and uvvisible spectrometers, a Raman spectrometer, two powder X-ray diffractometers, X-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption in flame and graphite furnace mode, gel-permeation chromatography, gaschromatography, analytical and preparative highperformance liquid chromatography (including GC-MS and HPLC-MS), mass spectrometry (electrospray and MALDI), scanning electron microscopy and EDX, various microscopes (including hot-stage), differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis, dionex analysis of anions and automated CHN analysis. Don’t know what these are about? Don’t worry, you’ll find out.

The core courses are:

– Forensic DNA Analysis I
– Fires and Explosions
– Physical Science Research Planning
– Substances of Abuse
– Incident Management
– Advanced Forensic Project Laboratory
– MSc Research Project

Other useful information

This educational program scored highly in the most recent Research Assessment Exercise, with 25% of the research being ranked as “world-leading” and the Functional Materials Research Group ranked 2nd nationally in the Metallurgy and Materials discipline.


 

University University of Leicester
Duration 24 to 27 months
Type Full time
Tuition and fees UK/EU- £8,000; Overseas: £12,500
Program link

Program information

The Alec Jeffreys Forensic Science Institute is a multidisciplinary research and teaching centre. The possibility to study is either by choosing the general MSc or opting for one of the specialized routes: Physical Evidence, Biological Evidence or Human Remains.

The first year has 4 modules:
– Crime Scene Examination
– Trace Evidence Analysis
– Evidential Value and Interpretation
– Research Methods

Meanwhile, in the second year, you get to choose from the following electives:

– Arson investigation
– Forensic Engineering
– Introduction to Forensic Archaeology
– Introduction to Forensic Anthropology
– Crime scene management
– Intelligence gathering and data mining of police data
– Weapons of mass destruction
– Blood Distribution and Spatter
– Environmental Forensics

Other useful information

The first year comprises four compulsory 15 credit modules, the second year comprises elective modules. The students will be able to select the modules from a wide list offered by the Universities of Leicester, Florida and Canberra.


 

University University College London
Duration 12 months
Type Full time
Tuition and fees  UK/EU: £ 10,450; Overseas: £21,700
Program link

Program information

It is a new multidisciplinary programme with modules provided by departments across UCL including Security and Crime Science, Psychology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Biosciences, Management Science and Innovation, Archaeology and Laws. The core modules include:
Quanitative Methods
Designing and Doing Research
Interpretation of Forensic Evidence
Foundations of Security and Crime Science
Judges, Courts and Judicial Decision Making

Other useful information

The only UK postgraduate programme to offer a module delivered in collaboration with the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) Crime Academy (the academy that trains forensic practitioners for the UK’s largest policing organisation). Here is the .


 

University University of South Wales
Duration 24 months
Type Full time, Part Time
Tuition and fees UK/EU: £ 5496
Program link

Program information

The core courses are:

Advanced DNA Analysis and Interpretation
Advanced Separation Science
Advanced Analytical and Forensic Toxicology
Legal Aspects and the Expert Witness for Forensic Scientists
Techniques and Technologies for Forensic Investigation
Evaluation, Interpretation and Presentation of Data and Evidence
Project Design and Management
Major Laboratory Research Project

Other useful information

Students have the opportunity to undertake a work placement with Synergy Health Laboratories where they will undertake laboratory training in a UKAS accredited facility.


 

University Northrumbria University
Duration Full time 12 months; Part time 24 months
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees UK: £ 4,632; EU: £ 5,450; Overseas: £ 11,500
Program link

Program information

Assessment of the modules is varied and will utilise formal examinations, reports of laboratory investigations, written and oral presentations and viva voce exams, case studies and portfolios, observational assessment and pc based methodologies. The core modules include:

– Subject Exploration
– Graduate Science Research Methods
– Forensic Identification
– MSc Project
– Critical Processes in Forensic Science
– Forensic Toxicology & Drugs of Abuse
– Chemical Criminalistics

Other useful information

Careers may include entry into the Analytical Sciences or for those who wish to pursue further studies in the subject area, for example at PhD level. Direct entry into the Forensic Science Sector (with specialism in either Forensic Chemistry or Forensic Biology) is possible although places are limited.

University Staffordshire University
Duration Full time 12 months; Part time 36 months
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees UK/EU- £28 per credit; Overseas: £35 per credit. 120 credits needed, more optional
Program link

Program information

The program includes eight modules incorporating those of the certificate, normally over one or two years. Modules may also be studied on an individual basis. The emphasis of the master is upon accuracy, accountability and thoroughness, with the ultimate aim of providing results for use by a court of law. The students will learn about and put into practice a whole host of techniques from the interpretation of bloodsplatter evidence to the analysis of illicit drugs, and from DNA fingerprinting to crime scene documentation and management.

Other useful information

There is no formal induction session but any students are welcome to visit and look around the department and view the facilities.


 

University University of Lincoln
Duration 12 to 36 months
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees UK/EU- £4,211; Overseas: £13,871
Program link

Program information

The core courses of the programme are:

– Drug Analysis
– Ignitable Liquid and Fuel Analysis
– Explosives Analysis
– DNA fingerprinting
– Fingerprinting science
– Dye and pigment analysis
– Forensic anthropology
– Spectroscopic techniques
– Surface analysis
– Mechanical properties of biological materials.

Other useful information

The group works very closely on projects with a range of forensic science providers including forensic laboratories and companies offering forensic services, police crime scene personnel, and instrument/equipment suppliers, both in the UK and overseas.


 

University Cranfield University
Duration 12 to 30 months
Type Full time
Tuition and fees UK/EU- £ 6,950; Overseas: £13,500
Program link

Program information

The emphasis of this course is on the application of engineering and the physical sciences to forensic problems. The course is highly practical and hands-on, aiming to produce forensic experts capable of giving an expert opinion in a courtroom situation and elsewhere. Core modules are:
Investigation and Evidence Collection
Reasoning for Forensic Science
Analytical Techniques
Courtroom Skills
Failure Analysis of Components
Trace Evidence
Fires, Explosions and their Investigation
Introduction to Firearms Investigations and Forensic Ballistics

Other useful information: The accreditation of the Master is offered by Forensic Science Society. The course has access to large, secure grounds in which covert burials and mass grave exercises are carried out. The experimental archaeology facilities are also excellent, as are live firing ranges and explosive ranges that can be used to replicate the effect of the trauma caused by these weapons on flesh and bone. All students, regardless of their specialization, have the chance to participate in a conventional archaeological excavation run by the course.


 

University University of Huddersfield
Duration Full time 12 months; Part time up to 5 years
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees UK/EU: £6,130
Program link

Program information

The course is designed to train you in the scientific methodology relating to forensic toxicology and extend your interest and knowledge in all areas of the subject. Areas of focus are: DNA profiling, body fluids, forensic toxicology, fingerprint development, forensic entomology, and forensic anthropology. The university also boasts impressive facilities. Core modules are:

– Crime Scene Science Awareness
– Forensic Biology Awareness
– Forensic Chemistry Awareness
– Quality and Presentation of Evidence
– Operational Forensic toxicology Placement

Other useful information

Research projects on a range of subjects including: sensor development, drug analysis, design of novel drug formulations and delivery methods, thermal degradation of novel drug formulations, bioremediation, characterisation of therapeutic polysaccharides, application of polysaccharides in waste water treatment, firearms and DNA recovery.


 

University University of West of England, Bristol
Duration Full time 12 months; Part time 24 months
Type Full time / Part Time
Tuition and fees UK/EU: £5,150;
Program link

Program information

This postgraduate course in forensic science offers modules in all three key areas of forensic science i.e. biology, chemistry and crime scene science and also a module covering more advanced aspects of research and statistics as well as conducting a research project, either based at the university or on placement with one of the forensic providers. All students study the core modules:
– Advanced Crime Scene Science
– Forensic Biology and Genetics
– Forensic Analysis and Toxicology
– Research Methods

Other useful information

A research project is undertaken for the award of MSc. Part-time students perform the research project over two terms of the second year in the laboratory at their place of work. Full-time students carry out the project under the supervision of specialist subject tutors either at the University or on placement with one of the forensic providers. Students will follow evidence from the crime scene, through laboratory examination and analysis to writing a report for court and giving evidence in a courtroom situation with examination-in-chief and cross examination.


 

University Sheffield Hallam University
Duration 12 to 30 months
Type Full time 12 months; Part time 24 months
Tuition and fees UK/EU- UK/EU: £6,000; Overseas: £ 11,500
Program link

Program information

All the core science learning is studied in context, so that its relevance to forensic work is clear. The courses include sections on physical and chemical methods for those considering a career in forensic chemistry and DNA for those interested in forensic biology. The core modules of the specialization are:

– Legal Methodology
– Criminal Litigation
– Law of Evidence
– Scenes of Crime Techniques
– DNA in Forensic Science
– Drugs of Abuse
– Fire, Firearms and Explosives
– Research Project

Other useful information

You require a strong science degree to apply for this course. You will  study both science and the law to prepare for a career in the specialism and then gain significant laboratory experience including an individual research project. In the law modules you work with students from other courses in the forensic masters programme. This enables you to see the legal side from the point of view of several specialist professions, which all have to collaborate effectively in forensic work.


 

 

Free online courses on forensic science you should be taking now

With the development of online education, there is now a myriad of resources you can use to introduce yourself in the world of forensics and broaden your horizon. Crime scene investigation and forensic analysis are competitive niches, and you should use any edge you can get – especially as the quality of the online courses is really high. We’ll try to update this page as much as possible, to keep you up to date with the forensics courses you can take online. These are the Massive Open Online Courses:

Course
University Nanyang Technological University
Platform Coursera
Start date 19th May, 2014
Duration 8 weeks

The course aims to explain the scientific principles and techniques behind the work of forensic scientists and will be illustrated with numerous case studies from Singapore and around the world. Some topics to be included are:

  • 1. How did forensics come about? What is the role of forensics in policework? Can these methods be used in non-criminal areas?
  • 2. Blood. What is it? How can traces of blood be found and used in evidence?
  • 3. Is DNA chemistry really so powerful?
  • 4. What happens (biologically and chemically) if someone tries to poison me? What happens if I try to poison myself?
  • 5. How can we tell how long someone has been dead? What if they have been dead for a really long time?
  • 6. Can a little piece of a carpet fluff or a single hair, convict someone?
  • 7. Was the Emperor Napoleon murdered by the perfidious British, or killed by his wallpaper?

  •  

    Course
    Lecturer Dr. Sereen M.B Bataineh
    Platform Open2Study
    Start date 2nd June, 2014
    Duration 4 weeks

    Have you ever thought about infectious diseases and why we get infected? What is the causative agent? In this course you will be touring through four modules, starting by taking a close look at the bacterial cell structure and functions which will then lead you to the study of viruses. What will I learn?

  • 1. Bacterial cell structure and function
  • 2. Viruses and their structure
  • 3. How Forensic Microbiology has evolved
  • 4. Different types of Forensic Microbiology
  • 5. Differences in Forensic Science versus Forensic Microbiology
  • 6. How to read a scientific journal and review one in a case study
  • 7. Genotyping techniques
  • 8. The role of DNA and RNA in Microbiology and Forensic Science

  •  

    Course
    University University of Leicester
    Platform FutureLearn
    Start date 31th Mar, 2014 (still going)
    Duration 6 weeks

    This course begins by introducing students to the historical context of forensic science and how science is used by the police during criminal investigations. We will then explore some of the implications that these forensic techniques have on the criminal justice system, such as controversies surrounding biometric databases, the portrayal of forensic science in popular media (e.g. the CSI Effect), and how forensic science is used in the courtroom. Finally, we will consider what the future of forensic science looks like and where the discipline may be heading in the years to come.


     

    Course
    University The Open University
    Platform FutureLearn
    Start date 9th June, 2014
    Duration 8 weeks

    Explore how your own mind works, and discover how the limitations of the human brain can lead to major miscarriages of justice. Despite advances in forensic science, eyewitness testimony remains a critical component of criminal investigations. Psychological research has revealed the dangers of relying on evidence gained from an eyewitness and also how careful the police need to be when questioning witnesses.


     

    Course
    University Johns Hopkins University
    Platform Coursera
    Start date 15th Sep, 2014
    Duration 6 weeks

    At the end of this course, students will better understand chemicals in the environment, exposure, toxicology, biomonitoring, and related public health and policy implications.

  • 1. Chemicals in our environment: What is a chemical and how are we exposed?
  • 2. Toxicology: What do chemicals do in our bodies?
  • 3. Biomonitoring: Who and how are we measuring these chemicals in our bodies?
  • 4. Health effects of chemicals: How do we figure out how chemicals affect our health?
  • 5. Chemicals policy: What do we do about chemicals & health?
  • 6. Case studies

  •  

    Course
    University University of Queensland
    Platform EdX
    Start date 21th Oct, 2014
    Duration 8 weeks

    This course systematically explores the effectiveness of the law and justice system from a psychological perspective. By experiencing a fictional case first hand, you will learn about the psychology of law and some of the misconceptions commonly held about criminal justice.


     

    Course
    University Penn State University
    Platform Coursera
    Start date 25th Jun, 2014
    Duration 7 weeks

    In this course we will explore wrongful convictions answering several key questions:

  • 1. What do we mean by “wrongfully convicted,” and how common are wrongful convictions?
  • 2. Who are wrongfully convicted?
  • 3. Where in the criminal justice system do things go wrong to lead to wrongful convictions?
  • 4. Why do wrongful convictions occur?
  • 5. How can social science contribute to understanding, and preventing wrongful convictions?
  • mooc

Forensic pathologist assistants – the unspoken heroes

At first glance, you may think of the title as being a little bold, but think of it: every crime scene analysis has to start somewhere. In order to determine the causes, time and other variables that are directly linked to the victim’s death, a base analysis must be made.

Here’s where forensic pathologists shine. Forensic pathologists, along with forensic pathologist assistants are vital to the post-mortem medical field. Assistants help the supervising forensic pathologist in determining cause of death and assisting in specimen retrieval, in addition to clerical duties.

As you may have guessed, the forensic pathologist assistant works strictly under the supervision of the chief pathologist that acts as his mentor during the formative years of his career. They (the assistants) supplement his superiors’ work, rather than working individually altogether. They help in the processing, testing and reporting of bodily specimens acquired from an autopsy or crime scene. They also might be put in charge of other duties, duties which will exercise their skills in toxicology, radiology, microbiology, chemistry and even photography, all of which might help better determine key variables in the cause of death that might help investigators later on.

A better understanding of forensic pathologists:

f2To get the best understanding of what a forensic pathologist does, you can start by thinking about them as a sort of crossbreed between a detective and a doctor. They need to be familiar in both fields quite well so as to better know at what (or what) they are looking for. This usually requires some preparations beforehand, like handling the administrative and clerical duties, preparing the post-mortem tools that are required, taking samples, photographing the crime scene, the samples and even sometimes extracting organs. These must also be made with absolute professionalism and finesse. There’s no margin for error in this field. If you do a mistake, you risk contaminating the entire sample set, or even worse, the body itself. A pathologist’s assistant is also responsible of keeping all the files in check, ordering the necessary equipment, write correspondence, coordinate schedules and even taking up and training new assistants of his own.

Becoming a forensic pathologist (assistant):

Oddly enough, there are very few schools in the US that have faculty programs for such a profession. You only have a selected number of quality schools that teach this and most probably you’ll have to relocate yourself at quite a hefty distance from your hometown. Potential students wishing to start their adventure towards a pathologist career need to also understand that this is a job with a very graphic nature. While many assistants will not encounter situations where they have to directly extract parts of a body from the morgue, they regularly, along with their pathologist trainers that they follow, are called to various crime scenes in order to pick up specimen samples, take pictures, and determine other crime scene related factors, such as how did the person die, did the death occur instantly and so on.

So how’s the salary?

It should be noted that there are no official forensic outlook numbers for pathologist assistants, but the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects that employment for the broader occupation group of clinical laboratory technologists and technicians will increase 22% during the 2012-2022 decade. 22% is quite a large increase for just 10 years, and while this might bring some not-so-happy implications, we must however remain subjective and notice yet another market niche where its specific market sector is in complete expansion and (theoretically) you could obtain a job in this field with ease.

When talking about salaries, we’re afraid that we have both some good news and some bad news. The salaries are by far no jaw-droppers (keep in mind that we’re talking about pathologist assistants, not full-blown pathologist investigators) , but they are enough for any person to make a decent living for themselves.  Medical and clinical laboratory technicians earned an average annual wage of $39,340 in 2012, and medical and clinical laboratory technologists earned an average annual wage of $58,640, according to the BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics).

The good news, as you probably may have figured, is that since forensic pathologists (and pathologist assistants) are on the rise, the salaries are only bound to go up. Think basic economics: When something is in high demand but the production is low, the price of that specific product goes up considerably. That’s the same exact situation here.

How do I select a school?

If we are to go according to the American Association of Pathologists’ Assistants (AAPA), there are eight accredited Pathologists’ Assistant Master of Science or Master of Health Science programs and one accredited PA Bachelor of Science program in the U.S. The official accrediting body which will then validate these programs is the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences or NAACLS for short. You can find more information on how to get started at .

Should I follow such a career path?

THis is all up to you. It depends on you on how tough of a stomach you have for these things. Work is not minimal either, so when you’re not taking samples at crime scenes, there’s usually other stuff for you to do. So in case you’re looking for a “reasonable pay, minimum work” kind of job, then we’re afraid that this one might not be for you. It is however, for people who want to start a strong, stable career in this domain who also understand that hard work in not an optional requirement.

 

Forensic autopsy technician: why you should consider becoming one

 

forensic autopsy technicianGranted, not many people might think that this kind of job might be for them, considering that it doesn’t really focus on the positive spectrum of life. It is, nonetheless, a very tight and (albeit very profitable) niche for those among us that would rather preserve an objective mindset and who also have a tough stomach.

Why would I consider becoming a forensic autopsy technician?

Why am I saying this, you might ask? Well, simply put, unlike many economic sectors in our day and age, the demand for forensic autopsy technicians is on the rise and is set to to rise to as much as 31% by 2020. But my bold title statement would be rather shallow if this would be the only basis behind it, wouldn’t it?

Unsurprisingly, many people fail to think of this job as their first option, when in fact, they’re missing out on a good opportunity. Thinking of yourself surrounded by bodies and drawing chalk lines when on duty couldn’t be further from the truth. It is, in fact, a (moderately) well paid job that tops at about 22$ an hour which requires you to not only handle some paperwork for each unfortunate patient that comes your way and to take a few samples., but also, which unfortunately makes you  weigh in organs from time to time and analyze the state/age of the post-mortem period.

The good, the bad and the difficult:

You might not have noticed, but we spiced that previous paragraph with both the good and the bad, and we were not shy about mixing the two in one-line sentences either. We did that because, joking aside, we DO need to approach this subject with a serious manner. We need not give in to preconceived ideas about this position nor should we think of it as a “bottom of the barrel” kind of position and that the only people that actually do this for a living are the ones that picked the short end of the stick when making life decisions. Getting to be a forensic autopsy technician requires an immense amount of work and studying, and people that do this are more often than not, extremely qualified and respected individuals.

Different is good!

To put it bluntly, not many people would do what you do, and this would prove to be in your advantage. Think of when you’re going to the dentist: You’re not going to him because you missed that friendly dentist-client banter that you have in between sessions, but you’re going there because he has the skills and the necessary know-how to do something that other people cannot. Because of this, you not only waste a precious amount of your time, but you also waste quite a little pile of your cash in the process.

This sort of “good” different is what actually carries all the weight/influence that comes along with important positions. When a young adult finishes college, he would most probably realize that he’s in a very weird place where there aren’t simply enough jobs that are related his line of studies. As we all know that this is a common phenomenon and pinpointing such unperformant professions simply isn’t possible simply because that their sheer number is extremely large, students don’t have any real tangible guarantees that they will be able to land a job after their studies are done.

Some solid ground to look forward to:

If there’s one thing that I can tell you as a person person that’s active in the blogosphere, is that you can’t get anywhere without a niche market. If you risk swimming in overpopulated waters, you won’t stand out at all. This, in my case, would mean that very few people would find my site, or any part of it on search engines because many people that do the same things that I do flood and inflate the search results in which I would appear.

Before we go back to finding a job after college, try remembering the previous paragraph, as more or less the same principles apply here. Becoming a forensic autopsy technician is, in your case, the niche market that I’ve been speaking of. Not many people do it which makes your particular skillset sought after and rewarded accordingly.

Always evolving!

Never fear that you’ll reach your position’s saturation anytime soon! Forensic technicians, of any sorts, are often sought after and offered higher positions over time as their skills are easily transferable in other domains that are niches themselves. Don’t get too excited though, you will have to work a decent amount of years before you reach this goldilocks zone where work experience starts speaking on your behalf and starts opening new doors for you.

It never becomes routine, but it becomes natural:

We wholeheartedly think this path when building a career would never turn out to be a dull one. The rule of thumb here is this: If you survive the first year of college, you’ll survive them all. If you’re grossed out at first and find the prospect of you doing this full-time in a 9 to 5 job appalling, than this job might not be for you. Examining bodies, taking samples, filling out the paper-work and so on however, does get way easier over time and they completely lose their “shock” factor that’s associated with them.

Hey, we’d go for it!

Unfortunately for me, I’m too old to start college again, and the students over there would look at me funny, but, objectively speaking, I do find see how becoming a forensic technician has a lot of advantages and, more importantly, is a job that can be seen as stable and secure.

Computer Forensics Masters in UK

Computer forensics is quite possibly the fastest growing branch of forensics, due to the ever growing IT field. Nowadays, the requirements for this branch are quite tough, as they should be – the basics are no longer enough, and a superior degree is often required. Still, if you get a masters degree in computer forensics, jobs start to open up for you, and even some well paying ones too. Here, we present the list of computer forensics masters available for study in the UK:

University University of Westminster
Duration Full time 12 months; Part Time 24 months
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees UK/EU- £8,000; Overseas: £12,500
Program link

Program information:

This redesigned course focuses on the specific emerging domains within computer science and software engineering, where there is increasing industry demand and a skills shortage. It will enable the student to develop the skills and knowledge needed to build the career in these new and important areas of computer science, significantly enhancing the employment opportunities while also providing a solid core of good software engineering practice that will enhance and reinforce the students’ existing skills. The core courses are:
– Computer Science Project
– Enterprise Application Development
– iPhone Application Development
– Mobile Application Development
– Pervasive Computing and Interactive Systems
– Research Methods
– Resource Virtualization

Other useful information:

The course covers the increasingly important area of resource virtualisation, services and systems administration. Businesses are now regularly using virtualised systems and techniques to lower costs and complexity and increase availability in computing environments. This course has a pathway of modules that will impart these principles and practice and provides a solid foundation for you to gain entry into this specialism.

University University of Greenwich
Duration Full time -12 month; Part Time 24 months
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees UK/EU- £7,200; Overseas: £ 1,200 per 30 credits
Program link

Program information:

This program is for graduates of computer science, engineering or a cognate discipline, who wish to develop specialist computer forensics skills, knowledge and techniques, including an understanding of the legal and statutory issues associated with the field.Core contents of the courses are:

– Engineering Computer Forensics Acquisition (30 credits)
– Engineering Computer Forensics Analysis (30 credits)
– Engineering Forensics, Communications and Law (15 credits)
– Strategy and Management (15 credits)
– Research Methodology (15 credits)
– Individual Project and Dissertation (60 credits)
– One option from: Information and Network Security Engineering (15 credits) or Database Security and Administration (15 credits)

Other useful information:

This programme is designed to meet the further learning requirements for registration as a Chartered Engineer (CEng) with the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) and British Computer Society (BCS). The content of the programme is informed by industry professionals and advisers and includes industrial standard software and procedures. The university has excellent facilities for delivering the programme including specialist networking facilities in the Internet Security Research Laboratory (ISRL) with a wide range of operating systems and industrial standard software (e.g. Metasploit, Wireshark, Scapy, EnCase).

University University of East London
Duration Full time -12 months; Part Time 24 months
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees UK/EU, Full time- £6,990; UK/EU, Part time: £ 1,165 per 30 credits; Overseas, Full time £ 11,400; Overseas, Part time: £ 1,900 per 30 credits
Program link

Program information:

The students will learn how to collect and examine digital evidence using Encase and FTK, and how to secure virtual crime scenes. They will learn and develop an understanding of legal issues raised by the increased use of communication networks. The programme also provides theoretical and practical knowledge in relevant technologies and techniques used to secure or investigate a computer system. The core modules are:

– Computer Security
– Security Management
– Seizure and Examination of Computer Forensics
– IT and Internet Law
– Dissertation

Other useful information:

This programme helps students develop a wide range of skills and competencies that will prepare them for a variety of career opportunities. The career outlook for graduates is positive, as there is a shortage of skilled personnel in both the Information Security and digital forensics fields. Graduates of this programme can progress to work in multinational organisations, including cyber-fighting agencies.

University University of South Wales
Duration Full time -12 months; Part Time 24 months
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees UK/EU: £4,120; Overseas: £ 12,400
Program link

Program information:

The course is delivered in four major blocks that offer an intensive but focused learning pattern, with two entry opportunities for applicants every year – February and September. Full-time students will typically spend 12 hours in classes each week. If a student chooses to follow part-time masters, this is reduced to around six hours each week. The students will study through lectures, tutorials, practical sessions, seminars and projects. You will need to spend a significant amount of time working independently, reading and preparing for assessments. The core modules are:

– Independent Study
– Project Management and Research Methodology
– Security Management
– Computer Forensics and Crime Investigation
– Forensics Techniques and Data Recovery
– MSc Project

Other useful information:

Graduates will be well equipped for employment in this rapidly expanding and specialised branch of digital investigation, including working for the police, security services, commercial sector, or organisations that specialise in computer security. They will have had opportunity to develop problem-solving skills, excellent IT skills, a systematic approach to work, an awareness of security standards and legislation, communication and presentation skills, workload-management and a capacity for objectivity.

University London Metropolitan University
Duration Full time -12 months; Part Time up to 36 months
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees Full time, UK/EU: £7,470; Overseas: £ 10,215; Part time students: £ 850 per 20 credits
Program link

Program information:

A variety of teaching methods involving a mixture of lectures, tutorial and workshops will be used to facilitate learning. Practical skills will be developed through lab-based workshops using appropriate hardware and specialized software tools within a fully equipped IT lab. The core modules are:

– Advanced Digital Forensics
– Network Security
– Advanced Digital Crime Investigation
– Information Security
– IT Security Management
– Research and Development Skills

Other useful information:

The unprecedented rise in digital crimes has resulted in computer forensics becoming one of the fastest-growing industries. Consequently, there are now a wide range of employment opportunities for well qualified graduates. Graduates will find many of these roles appearing in the IT security industry and financial sector. The programme is also an excellent foundation if graduates wish to continue their studies in a research field.

University King’s College London
Duration 12 month
Type Full time
Tuition and fees UK/EU: £4,420; Overseas: £ 18,000
Program link

Program information:

This programme equips students with a critical understanding of intelligent systems for legal and administrative applications, computer forensics and cybercrime, an appreciation of the aspects of law that are most relevant to the work of IT-professionals, and a grounding in key management techniques. Compulsory modules:

– Computer Forensics and Cybercrime
– Intelligent Systems for Legal and Administrative Applications
– IT Law for IT Professionals
– Principles of Management

Other useful information:

It is built around taught core modules on intelligent systems for legal and administrative applications, computer forensics and cybercrime, IT law for IT professionals and the principles of management. These modules are complemented by a wide range of optional modules that relate to various aspects of computing and management. The final part of the programme is an individual project that is closely linked to the main themes of the programme, containing a substantial computer science component of either a theoretical or practical nature.

University De Montfort University
Duration Full time -12 months; Part Time 36 months
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees Full time: £11,440; Part time UK/EU: £350 per module; Part time Overseas: £ 485 per module
Program link

Program information:

For each of the shared modules students undertake a professional and specialist hand-on training course at 7Safe (Cambridge) and following successful completion of that they are then eligible to apply to DMU for the distance learning ‘top-up’ and assessment. Successfully completing the DMU further learning and assessment for each course/module gives student’s 15 Masters credits. Core courses are:

– Network Security and Ethical Hacking 1 and 2
– Wireless Security
– Forensic Tools and Processes
– Advanced Forensics and Incident Response
– Security Strategy and Standards
– Advanced Topics in Forensics and Security
– MSc Project / Dissertation

Other useful information:

Graduates are likely to be employed as computer security specialists within law enforcement, government or other related agencies, in commercial IT departments or security consultancies, or in other computing positions where computer security is an issue. It is anticipated that successful completion of the MSc will support the career development of graduates. Opportunities also exist for further academic study towards a PhD and a career in research.

University Staffordshire University
Duration 12 months
Type Full time
Tuition and fees £ 9,950
Program link

Program information:

Computer science covers everything from theory, to cutting-edge development and evaluation of computing solutions. This MSc Programme in Computer Science will provide the student with the skills and knowledge to be able to respond and adapt to new technologies and new ideas. The main courses are:

– Research Methods
– Advanced Data Structures & Algorithms
– Advanced Topics in Computer Science
– Information & Social Networks and Computation theory
– Project module

Other useful information:

A major component of the course is the project module, which is an extensive piece of research work in an applications domain relevant to the student’s academic or professional interests. It is intended to provide the beneficiary with an opportunity to undertake a major investigation and produce a major dissertation on the outcome of the work. Assessment of the project will be based on this dissertation and presentations of the work. The work carried out during the project is expected to have a strong research component and will, in many cases, be appropriate in forming the basis of further academic research – for example a PhD programme.

University Liverpool John Moores University
Duration 12 months
Type Full time
Tuition and fees on demand
Program link

Program information:

Join the MSc Digital Forensics and Cybercrime Analysis award and we will give train to become a Digital Forensic Investigator, equipped to work with police forces, public and private investigation agencies. The experienced forensic practitioners will teach analytical and investigative skills using industry standard tools and techniques in a state-of-the-art digital forensic examination laboratory. The course will enhance the student’s computer knowledge and his/her interpretation skills to achieve an expert status in digital forensic analysis. Core modules:

– Digital Forensic Fundamentals
– File System Analysis
– Cybercrime Forensic Analysis
– Advanced Cybercrime Forensic Analysis
– Forensic Investigation Project
– Expert Witness Testimony & Digital Evidence Presentation
– Computer Security High-Level
– Malicious Code and Reverse Engineering

Other useful information:

As a Digital Forensic Investigator, the specialist will investigate crime committed using digital devices such as desktop computers, laptops, mobile phones and smart devices, in a forensically sound manner. The investigator will also be involved in analyzing hacking incidents and how computer systems could have been compromised.

University Middlesex University
Duration Full time -12 months; Part Time 24 months
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees UK/EU, Full time:£ 7,500; Overseas, Full time: £ 11,000; Part time, UK/EU: £ 50 per taught credit, £ 25 per dissertation credit; Part time, overseas: £ 74 per taught credit, £ 37 per dissertation credit
Program link

Program information:

On the forensic side, the student will become an expert in the tools, techniques, procedures, hardware and software used in investigation. He/she will learn how to collect, investigate, handle and document digital evidence from computers and mobile or hand-held devices and how to present it in court. As well as IT law and professional and ethical issues, the future specialist will look at the legal system more generally: criminal law, theories of crime, the justice system and law enforcement, as well as intellectual property law, privacy and data protection law. On the security side, the student will learn how to prevent and detect security breaches, how to develop and put in place a security policy and how to use network analysis tools. Other covered areas are security regulations, contingency planning and risk management. Core modules are:

– Digital Evidence Management and Forensic Processes (30 Credits)
– Digital Investigation Digital Technology (30 Credits)
– Information Security Management (30 Credits)
– Legal and Professional Aspects of Digital Forensics (30 Credits)
– Postgraduate Computing Project (60 Credits)

Other useful information:

For the independent project, a research topic or case study to investigate will be chosen and the student will plan and carry out your research, collect and analyse data and present your findings in a written report. The module includes workshops on reviewing research literature, project planning and research methods to help prepare, and the students will work under the guidance of an academic supervisor, meeting with him or her regularly and receiving frequent feedback. The beneficiary will be assessed on the basis of the research proposal, the report and possibly a viva.

University Leeds Metropolitan University
Duration Full time -12 months; Part Time 24 months
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees £6000
Program link

Program information:

The course is designed in consideration of the ACPO guidelines, Council of Registered Ethical Security Testers (CREST) and is designed to be as practical and real world based as is possible in an academic course. The student will be taught using industry standard tools by academics who are also commercial practitioners in the related fields, allowing you to benefit from the latest changes in the profession.The students will also benefit from interaction with external forensic and security experts who will come and talk regarding what the role information this is enabled through the university’s close links with industry. Core modules are:

– Digital Evidence Analysis (20 Credits)
– Offensive Security & Penetration Testing (20 Credits)
– Principles of Digital Security (20 Credits)
– Research Practice (20 Credits)
– Forensic Analysis of Alternative Devices (20 Credits)
– Dissertation (40 Credits)
– Securing Evidence (20 Credits)

Other useful information:

The University welcomes applications from mature applicants who demonstrate academic potential. It is usually required that the students get some evidence of recent academic study, for example completion of an access course, however relevant work and life experience may also be considered. For some of the professional courses all applicants will need to meet the specified entry criteria and in these cases relevant work and life experiences cannot be considered in lieu.

Mental illness, not related to criminal behavior, study shows

1

Most of the psychological and neuro-psychiatric research showed that there is a strong connection between mental illness and violent, criminal tendencies or behavior of the aggressor, which is intuitively socially agreed upon. The latest study of crimes realized on a sample of people with neurological and psychiatric dysfunctions showed that only 7,5 per cent of the cases were triggered by actual symptoms of their illness, according to American Psychological Association (APA).

The number of analyzed crimes is 429 committed by 143 subjects with three main types of mental illnesses and revealed that no more than 3 per cent of the crime rate was directly linked to symptoms of depressions, while 4 per cent were connected to symptoms of schizophrenia. Ten per cent of the cases were linked to bipolar disorder. The lead researcher, Jillian Peterson, PhD., confirmed that the results of the study were representative to the cases he has encountered during his career. ‘The vast majority of people with mental illness are not violent, not criminal and not dangerous’, he declared about both the study he conducted and the realities he has experienced as a professional.

The research consisted of a two-hour interview covering issues of their medical symptoms and criminal records for up to 15 years in their past. The study, which APA published in Law and Human Behavior, is one of the first to draw a correspondence between criminal behavior and mental illness on an extended period of time of the offender’s life. Another distinct trait of the study (besides the larger perspective) were the counter-intuitive conclusions. No predictable patterns connecting mental illness with criminal conduct were found concerning the evolution of the symptoms over time. Moreover, over two thirds of the subjects who committed crimes related to their symptoms were also found guilty for other crimes unrelated to their medical condition. The underlying conditions for the other felonies were unemployment, poverty, homelessness as well as drug abuse, as the study suggests. In most of the cases, the medical condition was one of the many contributing factors and not the main reason for the behavior, according to Peterson.

Another method used in the research was reviewing the criminal history and the social worker files in order to help rating the crimes based on the factual association with the medical symptoms of the disorders. The scale of the rating was from: ‚unrelated’ to ‚mostly unrelated’‚ mostly related’ and ‚directly related’. Qualifying a crime as ‚mostly (un)related’ to a symptom was based on the connection with the disease, without considering it as the unique factor for the abusive behavior. Whenever the qualification of the crime as being ‚directly related’ to the disease was combined to clues indicating a ‚mostly related’ causality, the percentage of mental illness inter-related to crimes became from 7,5 per cent to 18 per cent, or less than one in five of the analyzed situations. In order for the sample to be representative for the population with mental disorders who is imprisoned, two thirds of the subjects were male of an average of 40 years.

Serious offenses were not included in the study, since the offenders were not adjudicated by the mental health court, but the participants to the study did have the freedom to describe other prior violent crimes they committed. The study did not investigate the influence of drug abuse on the mentally ill offender in connection with their criminal behavior.

Cognitive-behavioral treatment about criminal thinking, anger management and other behavioral problems was recommended, however, in order to reduce recidivism for mentally ill offenders beyond the medical treatment they are currently administrated. Recidivism, as Peterson also suggests, could also be reduced by addressing basic needs of the offenders after the incarceration, including drug treatment, housing and employment support.

More than 1,2 million people with mental illness are detained in prisons in the United States of America, as the federal Bureau of Justice Statistics declared, while the situation of probation or parole is at two to four times higher than the rate for the clinically healthy population.

Forensic Anthropology master degrees (MSc) in the UK

What’s a forensic anthropologist?

Anthropology is the study of humankind, culturally and physically, in all times and places. Forensic Anthropology is the application of anthropological knowledge and techniques in a legal context.  Forensic anthropologists are experts in analyzing human remains and for this reason are integral to a number of different types of forensic investigations. Oftentimes, forensic anthropologists are called on after mass disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis in order to assist in identifying human remains. They are also used at crime scenes to help recover evidence.

Landing a job as a forensic anthropologist can be very rewarding, both professionally and financially.

Forensic anthropology schools that offer Masters Degree (MSc) programs

University University of Central Lancashire
Duration  1 year full time; 2 years part time (mode to be negotiated with course leader)
Type Full time / Part time
Tuition and fees UK/EU- £5000 Full Time, £525 per module Part Time. Overseas- £10450 FT
Program link

University of Central Lancashire Forensic Anthropology MSc Program information:

MSc Forensic Anthropology is a one-year taught masters programme consisting of two semesters’ coursework and one semester of an original research project. This course is the only forensic anthropology/osteology MSc in the UK to be based within a dedicated forensics department with state-of-the-art Crime Scene Investigation practical labs as well as excellent resources in Forensic Biology and Chemistry. The MSc in Forensic Anthropology is designed to enable graduate students to develop skills in a variety of areas, which concern the processing, analysis, and identification of human remains. The course provides intensive training in developmental anatomy and osteology, forensic anthropology method and theory, forensic taphonomy in theory and practice, crime scene investigation and the law, research methods, and expert witness and presentation skills. The course has a focus on both domestic forensic anthropology work (eg UK and US) and forensic anthropology in the context of international humanitarian work and international criminal investigation.

Other useful information:

The course is structured into 3 parts :

Part 1 (14 weeks) :
Developmental Anatomy: Covers human embryology and developmental anatomy through the adult form.
Forensic Anthropology: Concerned with methods of identification in the forensic context, utilising a lab-based focus on the estimation of age, sex, stature, and race and the identification of trauma and pathology. Issues in both domestic and international contexts of forensic work will be addressed.
Research Methods: Trains students in a wide range of skills, including technical documentation, project management, data analysis and retrieval, writing and research skills, and library use.

Part 2 (14 weeks) :
Forensic Taphonomy: Covers the process and sequence of human decomposition, as well as the burial and surface dispersal of human remains.
Crime Scene Investigation and the Anthropologist: Concerned with crime scene investigation and the supporting role of the forensic archaeologist and anthropologist at the crime scene and in the mortuary, and the legal framework governing domestic and international investigation procedure.
Expert Witness and Communication: Communication skills providing background and training in expert witness delivery, and the study of British and International Law.

Part 3 (16 weeks) – Research Project :
Every student will undertake a research project, which will use and enhance many of the skills learnt on the course. The project will be based within the university, at a museum, or as an experimental field project. The end result of the research project should be a publishable quality paper. Following the conclusion of the work, the student will give a presentation of their findings.

University University of Dundee
Duration  1 year
Type Full time
Tuition and fees 2013-2014 Home/EU £15,000 2013-2014 OS £15,000
Program link

University of Dundee MSc Anatomy and Advanced Forensic Anthropology MSc Program information:

This one-year degree is designed for students who already hold a first degree (BA or BSc) in Forensic Anthropology or a related subject, and is intended to provide advanced training in subject areas which are germane to current professional requirements, but which are not available collectively at any other institution in the world.

Other useful information:

This is a one year full time taught Masters programme in which all modules are compulsory. The research dissertation can be in the form of original laboratory research in an area pertinent to anatomy and forensic anthropology.
Human Gross Anatomy (Semesters 1 & 2):

  • Provides the opportunity to conduct whole body dissection, with particular emphasis on functional and musculoskeletal anatomy
  • Exposure to human form and function with direct relevance to the identification process
  • Only institution in the UK offering the opportunity to dissect cadavers which have been embalmed using the Thiel soft-fix method, which provides life-like preservation of the soft tissues.

Developmental Juvenile Osteology (Semester 1):

  • Focuses on the development of the human juvenile skeleton as a means to understanding adult skeletal form
  • Through practical examination, each bone of the body will be studied from its embryological origin, through key developmental milestones, until the attainment of its adult form
  • Practical sessions will focus on the unique Scheuer collection of juvenile skeletal remains.

Forensic Anthropology as Expert Evidence
Covering the more specialised skills including forensic anatomy, trauma analysis and age estimation in the living this module will cover the skills required to present your analyses in a court of law.
Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) training (Semesters 1 & 2):

  • Provides a thorough understanding of the DVI process in the UK and abroad
  • Developed by experienced practitioners, it is based on the National DVI Training course for the UK DVI team
  • Delivers a robust theoretical underpinning for anyone undertaking DVI work on a practical basis.

MSc Research Project (Semester 3):

  • Students will undertake an advanced level practical project supervised by a research-active practitioner
  • CAHID staff have significant experience in many areas of forensic human identification, including juvenile osteology, facial anthropology, facial reconstruction, age assessment in the living and dead, analysis of sexual dimorphism and ancestry, soft tissue biometric systems, human provenance, skeletal pathology and trauma, and virtual anthropology
University University of Edinburgh
Duration  1 year full / 2 year part time
Type Full time and part time
Tuition and fees Home/EU £9,300; OS/international £17,400
Program link

University of Edinburgh Forensic Anthropology MSc Program information:

Through a multidisciplinary combination of academic theory and practical application, you’ll learn to approach osteological problems creatively and develop the ability to develop and test research, critically investigate data sources and relate scientific analyses to forensic problems.
Crucially, you will also study the legal, scientific and evidential framework of forensic anthropology, which will aid you in the proper interpretation of recovered osteological remains.

Other useful information:

The programme consists of seven compulsory courses and combines lectures, seminars and hands-on practical work with archaeological skeletal assemblages and reference collections.

In addition to essays, reports, and practical assessments, you will complete a dissertation on a topic of your choice.

Compulsory courses

  • Analytical Methods in Human Osteology
  • Forensic Taphonomy
  • Legal and Evidential Framework in Forensic Anthropology
  • Musculoskeletal Analysis Anatomy
  • Practical Osteology
  • Scientific Evidence in Forensic Anthropology
  • Skeletal Pathology

Learning outcomes

On successful completion of the programme, you will be able to:

  • identify and interpret human bone remains
  • develop hypothesis testing skills
  • carry out relevant scientific analyses, often in cooperation with experts in other disciplines
  • engage in theoretical and methodological discussions relevant to forensic anthropology
  • design research strategies based on transferable skills providing a basis for advanced studies (PhD and beyond)
University University of Huddersfield
Department School of Applied Sciences
Duration  1 year
Type Full time
Tuition and fees Home/EU £4,460; OS/international £9,000 – £9,495
Program link

University of Huddersfield Forensic Anthropology MSc Program information:

This course provides postgraduate education in the discipline of Forensic Anthropology. This course provides intensive training in human osteology and the techniques used by Forensic Anthropologists to build osteological profiles of unknown skeletonised human remains. The first half of the taught phase provides you with a solid foundation in the core skills of forensic science, such as crime scene examination and interpretation and presentation of evidence, using our extensive crime scene facilities and real crime scene expertise and casework. The second half of the taught phase includes specialised modules on human osteology, and techniques of estimation of sex, age, stature and ethnic ancestry in skeletal remains, as well as distinguishing between animal and human bones. It also includes topics such as skeletal development, trauma and pathology; forensic taphonomy (decomposition and decay); and post-mortem interval estimation. The course is very practically and vocationally-focused, and provides hands-on experience of dealing with skeletonised and decomposed human (and animal) remains. The course also takes advantage of the superb analytical facilities, Forensic Anthropology laboratory and a new taphonomy facility.
In the last third of the course, you are given the opportunity to pursue an original research project, potentially suitable for publication, on a topic provided by supervisors or of a topic of your choice. This requires 50 days of laboratory work, and takes place in the summer term. It may also be delivered through an industrial or relevant placement (subject to availability).

Other useful information:

The course is aimed at those wishing to build on their undergraduate science degree, by gaining hands-on experience and critical examination of theory and practice, in order to pursue a career in forensic science, and in particular Forensic Anthropology. It is also designed for scientific or forensic practitioners wishing to re-specialise or hone their Forensic Anthropology skills to pursue an affiliated career path.

The modules include:

+ Crime Scene Science Awareness
+ Quality and Presentation of Evidence
+ Forensic Chemistry Awareness
+ Forensic Biology Awareness
+ Death and Decomposition
+ Post Mortem Interval Estimation
+ Forensic Osteology
+ Project

University Cranfield University
Department Defence and Security
Duration  1 year
Type Full time and part time
Tuition and fees Home/EU – £6,950 Overseas – £13,500
Program link

Cranfield University Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology MSc/PgDip information:

This course is designed to give a broad introduction to the subject, rapidly advancing into the understanding of cutting-edge research and the latest methodologies. The course is highly practical and hands-on, aiming to produce forensic experts capable of giving expert witness testimonies in a courtroom situation and elsewhere.

The course consists of a two-week period of introductory studies followed by academic instruction in modular form. Most modules are of five days’ duration, interspersed with weeks devoted to private study and visits to forensic science establishments.

The Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology MSc is part of the Forensic MSc Programme which has been formally accredited by the Forensic Science Society.

Other useful information:

The course consists of a two-week period of introductory studies followed by academic instruction in modular form. Most modules are of five days’ duration, interspersed with weeks devoted to private study and visits to forensic science establishments. Students are required to take four core modules, four role specific modules and choose three elective modules based on their particular background, future requirements, or interests. This is followed by a four-month research project and thesis.

Core Modules:

Investigation and Evidence Collection
Reasoning for Forensic Science
Analytical Techniques
Courtroom Skills
Forensic Archaeology: Recovering Buried Remains
Forensic Archaeology: Mass Grave Excavation
Fundamentals of Forensic Anthropology: Osteology
Further Forensic Anthropology: Identification

University University of Lincoln
Department School of Life Sciences
Duration  18 months full-time
Type Full time
Tuition and fees Home/EU – £6,950 Overseas – £13,500
Program link

University of Lincoln Forensic Anthropology MSc/PgDip information:

Students on this course are trained in forensic anthropology techniques with an emphasis on the role of the expert witness and presentation of evidence. The programme focuses on human rights and the role of forensic anthropology in international criminal investigations.

It is the only programme of this kind in the UK to offer an overseas field module option to a Latin American country, where forensic anthropology is considered a primary tool in the investigation of war crimes.

Students are taught by specialists with practitioner experience in the field of forensic anthropology and disaster victim identification.

Research is fully integrated within the programme through case studies and ongoing research conducted by academics. Students carry out their own research projects and are fully integrated into the research culture of the University of Lincoln. There are opportunities for students to present their research at conferences.

Other useful information:

The group works very closely on projects with forensic laboratories, police crime scene personnel and associated instrument/equipment suppliers, both in the UK and overseas.

Core Modules:

Introduction to Forensic Anthropology
Advanced Forensic Anthropology
Forensic Anthropology and Human Rights
The Forensic Expert and the Law
Project Preparation
Disaster Victim Identification
Research project

Forensic Psychology master degrees (MSc) in the UK

We’ve told you about forensic psychology, what the career entails and what the salary is. We also have several other articles about tangentially related fields, and news, and of course, if you have any questions, you can always send them to us. But now, we will focus on the Universities from the United Kingdom which offer forensic psychology masters; we’ll try to constantly update this list, but it’s almost impossible to cover everything – if you have, or know about a program that we missed out on, please send a message to us and we’ll update this list right away. The Universities are presented in no particular order:


University: University of Surrey
Duration: Full-time: 12 months, Part-time: 24 months
Masters Fees: UK/EU- £6400 Full Time, £3200 Part Time. Overseas- £12460 FT
Program link:
Program information: Forensic psychology examines psychological theories, methods and processes within the context of the legal, criminal and civil justice systems.  The programme features 9 compulsory modules, relating to the evelopments within the British Psychological Society’s Division of Forensic Psychology (DFP):

-Research and Practice in Forensic Psychology
-Psychology and Criminal Behaviour
-Aspects of the Investigative Process
-The Legal Process
-Violent and Sexual Offending
-Preparation for Academic Research in Psychology
-Quantitative Research Methods
-Qualitative Research Methods
-Dissertation

Other useful information: This accredited programme encourages students to conduct research of their own, for which they may receive a funding between £500 to £6,000. This is mutually beneficial to both the student and sponsor, and allows the student to undertake a ‘real’ piece of research that has practical or policy implications, whilst receiving a sum of money to help fund the masters.


University: University of Birmingham
Duration: Full time: 12 months. Part time: 24 months
Masters Fees: trimis mail
Program link
Program information: The MSc Forensic Psychology offers an exciting opportunity for students to combine knowledge of psychological theory with the development of practical skills and an understanding of professional practice in forensic psychology.
Other useful information: The programme was accredited by the British Psychological Society for all intakes from 2010/11. It only requires 2 days / week of on campus activity for the full time option plus directed self learning, and one day / week for the part time option.


University: University of Coventry
Duration: 12 months, full time only
Masters Fees: £5,221 for UK/EU, £10,378 for International students
Program link:
Program information: It features 11 modules:
– Psychology and Criminal Behaviour
– Psychology in the Criminal Justice System
– Treatment of Offenders and Victims
– Applied Police Psychology
– Sexual and Violent Crime
– Risk Assessment and Management of Offenders
– The English Legal Process
– Practice and Application in Forensic Psychology
– Advanced Quantitative Research Methods
– Advanced Qualitative Research Methods
– Study Skills, Project Planning & Ethics

Other useful information: The programme is accredited by the British Psychological Society as fulfilling the requirements of Stage 1 towards becoming a Chartered Psychologist and Full Membership of the Division of Forensic Psychology with the British Psychological Society and a Forensic Psychologist registered with the Health & Care Professions Council (HCPC) (UK).


University: Manchester Metropolitan University
Duration: Full time: 12 months. Part time: up to 36 months.
Masters Fees: Full-time UK students: £4,700. UK and EU students: £780 per 30 credits · Full-time non-EU overseas students £12,500; a Masters qualification typically comprises 180 credits
Program link:
Program information: This programme is specifically designed to meet the criteria of the British Psychological Society (BPS) Division of Forensic Psychology Training Committee. Course modules are:
– Ability Assessment
– Dissertation
– Eye Witness Testimony
– Foundations of Forensic Practice
– Introduction to Forensic Psychology
– Introduction to Investigative Psychology
– Personal and Professional Development
– Psychology and Law
– Psychology within Clinical Forensic Practice
– Qualitative Methods in Psychology
– Quantitative Methods in Psychology
– Understanding Criminal Victimisation
– Youth Crime and Youth Justice
The programme also offers electives.

Other useful information: There are relatively many overseas participants to this program, some of which have taken up academic and practitioner positions in their own countries.


University: Middlesex University London
Duration: 12 months full time, usually 24 months for part time
Masters Fees: UK/EU students: £6,000 per year full time. International students: £11,000 per year full time
Program link
Program information: The programme is constructed of two core modules covering, in turn, contemporary criminological theory, methods, issues and debates and psychological approaches towards the causes and management of offending behaviour. There is also a focus on forensic psychology – but that’s not the only focus of the masters. Students have to choose two optional modules, focusing on areas of special interest including institutions of criminal justice, community safety, drugs, youth and adult offending and comparative perspectives on each of these areas.
Other useful information: Full-time students attend formal on-campus teaching up to two days a week; part-time students one day a week.


University: University of Gloucestershire
Duration: 12 months, full time only.
Masters Fees: EU/UK students: £4860. International students: £10750
Program link:
Program information: The programme emphasises the importance of practitioner skills, providing training in project management and business skills needed for professional practice, including consultancy. The course typical modules include:

– Psychology, Investigation and the Legal Process
– Offenders: Causes, Assessment and Treatment
– Issues in Sexual Offending
– Professional Skills
– The Practitioner Consultant
– Advanced Research Methods
– Dissertation
Other useful information: There is a significant focus on sexual offending. Most carreer paths go on prison Service, special hospitals, secure units/settings and academic/research.


University: University of Bedfordshire
Duration: 12 months, with options available for part-time day studies
Masters Fees: Full time – UK/EU students: £4,500. International students: £9,000. Part time – UK/EU students £9,000.
Program link
Program information: The course has an employability-focused curriculum that incorporates the team’s research expertise and supports the requirements of the BPS, Division of Forensic Psychology. The course covers main topics and advanced training in Research Methods and Professional Skills. Typical modules are:

• Criminological and psychological approaches to crime and patterns of crime
• Offender profiling
• Forensic psychology in the courtroom
• The treatment and assessment of offenders
• Violent and sexual offenders
• Young offenders
• Working with offenders with mental disorder
Other useful information: The MSc Forensic Psychology is not yet accredited! It is to be accredited by the British Psychological Society (BPS) Division of Forensic Psychology. It is only available to those able to demonstrate the Graduate Basis for Chartered Status with the BPS.


University: University of Portsmouth
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months part time
Masters Fees: UK/EU students: £6,000. International students: £12,500,
Program link:
Program information: Accredited by the BPS.
Other useful information: They claim to have the largest group of actively researching academics at the cutting edge of forensic psychology research in the UK.


University: University of York
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months part time.
Masters Fees: EU/UK students: £7,440. International students: £19,360.
Program link
Program information: Feedback from employers indicates they are consistently impressed with the ability of York graduates to apply theory to practice and this is reflected in the destinations of many of our recent graduates. Main modules are:

– Forensic Psychology in Practice
– Research Design and Statistics
– Legal and Contextual issues
– Forensic and Generic Skills
– Forensic Psychology in Practice
– Additional Research Methods
– Forensic Mental Health
– Transferable Skills

Other useful information: To complement their studies, many students are able to organise voluntary placements in forensic settings. The course team is sometimes able to help secure placements for full-time and part-time students who have little or no forensic experience.


University: Cardiff Metropolitan University
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months part time
Masters Fees:
Program link:
Program information: The programme looks at the role of environmental, psychosocial, and socio-cultural factors that may contribute to crime or its prevention. This programme is the only BPS (British Psychological Society) accredited programme in Wales. Typical modules:
– Research Methods and Design
– Forensic Mental Health
– Professional Practice and Offender Management
– Psychological Assessments and Interventions
– Theories of Criminal Behaviour
– Legal Psychology
– Psychological Vulnerabilities

Other useful information: The Cardiff University also offers a – a PgD. There are 5 modules to the PgD:
• Professional Portfolio in Forensic Psychology
• Consultancy
• Teaching and Training
• Ethical and Professional Practice
• Functional Assessment and Formulation


University: London Metropolitan University
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months part time
Masters Fees: EU/UK students: £7,470. International students: £10,215.
Program link: Forensic Psychology MSc.
Program information: The course consists of six core modules, an option or designate module and a substantial empirical research project (equivalent to three modules). The main areas of study are:

– Professional Context and Practice of Forensic Psychology
– Psychology and Criminal Behaviour
– The Investigation and Prosecution of Criminal Offences
– Research Issues and Advanced Data Analysis
– Assessment and Intervention Theory
– Applied Assessment and Intervention
Other useful information: A key feature of the course is that it allows students to select from a range of applied option modules. These offer students the chance to reflect upon the practice of forensic psychology in a range of occupational settings. Optional modules are:
– Applied Legal Psychology
– Psychology and the Penal System
– Psychology and Sexual Violence
– Psychology and the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Young People
– International Perspectives in Forensic Psychology


University: King’s College London
Duration: 12 months full time only
Masters Fees: EU/UK students: £7,900. International Students: £22,000
Program link
Program information: Flexible postgraduate programme for students with a professional &/or academic interest in the complex relationship between mental disorders and criminal behaviour, taught by a multi-disciplinary team of clinical academics. The core of the program is pro-social and anti-social behaviour across the lifespan and risk management, treatment and services for mentally disordered persons. Optional modules are:

-Research Methodology & Statistics A & B
– Psychology of the Legal & Investigative Process
– Forensic Psychology Practice (Clinical Forensic Psychology Pathway only)
– Introduction to Forensic Psychology Practice
– Structured Professional Risk Assessment and Management
– Criminal Justice Mental Health
– Mental Health Law
– Forensic Aspects of Intellectual Disability
Other useful information: Accredited by the British Psychological Society Division of Forensic Psychology


University: Nottingham Trent University
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months part time
Masters Fees: EU/UK students: £5,350. International studetns: £12,000
Program link
Program information:

Main modules are:

– Explanations of Crime, Criminal Behaviour and Victimology
– Police, Justice System and Psychology
– Professional Forensic Practice
– Advanced Experimentation & Statistics
– Qualitative Research Design & Analysis 1
– Assessment, Formulation and Treatment of Offenders and Victims
– Punishment, Rehabilitation and Aftercare
– Mixed Methods
Other useful information: It is accredited by the British Psychological Society. They also have state of the art laboratory suites ensuring students have access to the latest equipment and software as well as specialist laboratories dedicated to particular areas of interest in Psychology.


University: Sheffield Hallam University
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months part time.
Masters Fees: EU/UK students: £6,000. International students: £11,250.
Program link:
Program information: In comparison to most accredited courses, this course contains much more training in criminal law and its applications. They focus more on applying psychology to criminal investigations, rather than assessing and treating offenders.
Other useful information: You will take part in a police simulation, which involves working in small teams to investigate a series of criminal cases and applying psychology to this caseload. You also take part in a simulated court case with students from other related areas, such as forensic science and forensic accounting. You’ll work on the case throughout the year.


University: University of Kent
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months part time.
Masters Fees: EU/UK students: £6,375. International students: £11,625.
Program link:
Program information: The MSc programme is composed of 6 compulsory modules:
– Advanced Statistics and Methodology
– Psychology of Criminal Conduct
– Psychology of Law and Justice
– Assessment and Treatment of Offenders in Forensic Settings
– Forensic Cognition: Theory, Research and Practice
– Research Project in Forensic Psychology

Other useful information: The MSc in Forensic Psychology at Kent is accredited by The British Psychological Society as providing the first (academic) year of professional training for those who wish to qualify as Chartered Forensic Psychologists. However, only students who gain a mark of 40% or above in every module, with an overall mark of at least 50%, are eligible for accreditation by the British Psychological Society.


University: University of Manchester
Duration: 12 months full time, 36 months part time.
Masters Fees: EU/UK students: £6,300. International students: £18,000.
Program link:
Program information: The program has been designed to be flexible, to enable students to balance academic work with workplace demands. Full time modules are:

– Introduction to forensic mental health and offending behaviour
– Introduction to Forensic Psychology
– Research methods
– Overview of mental health legislation
– Personality disorder assessment and intervention
– Clinical risk assessment, formulation and management
– Psychology applied to the process of investigation (eyewitness testimony)
– Psychosocial Interventions for individuals with complex mental health needs
Other useful information: Part time courses only require one day/week on campus.


University: University of Central Lancashire
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months part time.
Masters Fees: EU/UK students: £5000. International students: £11,450.
Program link:
Program information: The MSc Forensic Psychology course provides a strong emphasis on the application of Forensic Psychology in professional practice, and practising Chartered Forensic psychologists are employed by the School to lecture on the course. The courses are:
– Advanced Methods in Psychology 1 (full- and part-time)
– Psychology and the Legal System
– Personal Attributes of Offenders and Victims
– Forensic Risk Assessment (full- and part-time)
– Advanced Methods in Psychology 2 (full- and part-time)
– Professional Practice: Forensic Consultancy and Supervision
– Psychology, Investigation and the Courtroom (full- and part-time)
– Violent and Sexual Offenders: Intervention
– Forensic Mental Health (full- and part-time)
– Advanced Forensic Psychology Project (year-long module)

Other useful information: It is accredited by the BPS. They work with a range on businesses and organisations, many of which provide work experience opportunities and project briefs to enable to you gain real work experience whilst you undertake your postgraduate programme.


University: University of Winchester
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months part time.
Masters Fees: ??
Program link:
Program information: The five main modules are:

– The Context of Practice in Forensic Psychology
– Applications of Psychology to Processes in the Justice System
– Working with Specific Client Groups
– Research Methods
– Empirical Research Project
Other useful information: Students gain specialist knowledge of dealing with particular groups in the Criminal Justice System, including sex offenders and those with mental health issues and personality disorders.


University: London Metropolitan University
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months part time
Masters Fees: UK/EU students: £7,200. International students: £10,800
Program link: (different than the forensic psychology program)
Program information: Main areas of study:
– Professional Context and Practice of Forensic Psychology
– Psychology and Criminal Behaviour
– The Investigation and Prosecution of Criminal Offences
– Research Issues and Advanced Data Analysis
– Assessment and Intervention Theory
– Applied Assessment and Intervention
Other useful information: Optional courses are:
– Psychology and Policing
– Psychology and the Courts
– Psychology and the Penal System
– Psychology and Sexual Violence
– Psychology and the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Young People
– International Perspectives in Forensic Psychology


University: University of Nottingham
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months full time
Masters Fees: UK/EU students: £7,300. International students: £16,410.
Program link: Criminological Psychology
Program information: The Masters programme consists of six theoretical modules:
– Theories of criminal behaviours
– Forensic child psychology
– Forensic mental health
– Legal psychology and policing
– Forensic organisational psychology
– Forensic practice interventions

Other useful information: Students also complete two research methods modules which focus on applied research methods and analysis.


University: University of Huddersfield
Duration: 12 months full time only.
Masters Fees: EU/UK students: £4,460.
Program link:
Program information: This course explores the application of psychological principles to diverse aspects of the analysis, investigation and legal processing of crime. Core modules:
• Clinical Forensic Psychology
• Dissertation (investigative Psychology)
• Improving Legal Testimony and Evidence in Court and investigations
• Introducing investigative Psychology: from offender Profiling to the Science of Ip
• Investigative Psychology for Violent Acquisitive and Sexual Crime
• Investigative Psychology: Tactics and Strategies for Studying Criminal Action
• Offender Spatial Activity: Beyond Geographical Offender Profiling
• Professional Issues and Applications
Other useful information: This course is accredited by the British Psychological Society.


University: University of Leicester
Duration: 24 months by distance learning
Masters Fees: UK/EU students: £8,850. International students: on inquiry.
Program link:
Program information: Core modules:

– Psychology of Criminal Behaviour
– Legal Psychology
– Forensic Psychology Practice
– Assessment & Treatment of Criminal Behaviour
– Research Methods
– Psychology and the Courts
– Empirical Dissertation
Other useful information: Non-accredited masters in forensic psychology aimed at non-psychologists and psychologists with overseas (or non-BPS) qualifications.


University: University of Portsmouth
Duration: Distance learning – 12 months full time, 24 months part time
Masters Fees: £6,000
Program link:
Program information: This is a unique degree designed especially for graduate students or professionals already working with children caught up in the legal system.
Other useful information: Very niche program, supported by academics and clinicians who have research interests and expertise in child witnessing and children as suspects/offenders.


University: University of Greenwich
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months part time
Masters Fees: UK/EU students: £6,250. International Students: £11,350
Program link:
Program information: This programme encompasses criminological, legal, forensic, and psychological approaches. Compulsory courses:

– Investigative Forensic Psychology
– Psychology, Development and Crime
– Comparative Criminological Research
– Crime Theory

Other useful information: Optional courses are:
– Child and Adolescent Psychology in Practice
– Current issues in Child and Adolescent Psychology
– Contemporary Issues in Criminology
– Crime, Terrorism and the State

 

University: University of Liverpool
Duration: 12 months full time only
Masters Fees: UK/EU students: £7,200. International students: £15,300
Program link:
Program information: Compulsory modules:
– Criminal Behaviour
– Policing and Crime Reduction
– Assessment and Legal Processes
– Research Methodology

Dissertation (PSYC705) (Show)
Other useful information: A balanced programme of research and academic knowledge including awareness of professional, legal and ethical issues, and practical, communication and dissemination skills. The program also features many guest speakers.


University: University of Lincoln
Duration: 12 months full time, 24 months part time
Masters Fees: UK/EU students: £6,680. International students: £14,719
Program link:
Program information: The MSc Forensic Psychology focuses on the clinical and applied aspects of forensic psychology with an emphasis on working with children, adolescents and mentally disordered offenders. Core modules are:
– Advanced Research Methods and Skills
– Applied Research Skills and Methods (Option)
– Basic Research Methods and Skills (Option)
– Context and Practice
– Forensic Child Psychology
– Processes of Investigation and Justice
– Professional Practice and Risk
– Working with Client Groups

Other useful information: This programme is accredited by The British Pscychological Society.


University: Teesside University
Duration: 12 months full time only.
Masters Fees: UK/EU students: £4,500. International students: £10,450
Program link:
Program information: The core modules are:
– Applied Research Methods
– Forensic Assessment
– Forensic Psychology Project
– Forensic Psychology: Theory in Practice
– Interventions in Forensic Psychology
– Law, Justice and Psychology
– The Psychology of Criminal Behaviour
– The Psychology of Investigations
– Modules offered may vary.
Other useful information: This course is accredited by the British Psychological Society (BPS).


University: Open University
Duration: 36 months in distance learning
Masters Fees: ?? £3500–£6000
Program link:
Program information: The only module I could find information on is “Forensic psychology: crime, offenders and policing”.
Other useful information: This college is not accredited (from what I could find).


 


Ballistic Fingerprinting: about, techniques, bullet marking

The mechanical study of the launching, flight, behavior and effects (usually visual marks) of bullets is what ballistic fingerprinting usually refers to. The forensic procedure is used to identify the gun with which the criminal fired, thus being one step closer to identifying the murderer. The analysis is concentrated on the marks that the firearms leave on the bullet, which – just like fingerprints – are unique and the study of the trail refers to internal ballistics (the analysis of the mechanical processes between the moment of firing and the one in which the bullet leaving the barrel) applied on forensic matters (the implication of legal questions, investigations and situations subject to the law).

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Ballistic Techniques

There are numerous techniques that the forensic ballistic specialists use during the investigative process. The first and most obvious ones concern gross differences between the physical qualities of the firearm and the bullet. For instance, a bullet of 10 mm could have never been fired through a 9 mm barrel. While there is little expertise needed for this first procedure and it may look common-sensical, it really reduces the range of possibilities and makes the fire-gun easily accessible and identifiable. This easy kind of comparison is only meant to help the law enforcement agents proceed to the next steps of ballistic fingerprinting.

Striations are highly important during the forensic investigations, since every barrel has different ones, depending on numerous factors (among which the most important are the type of fire-gun, the tear level, the spin rate). The consequences of these barrel characteristics that can be deduced from the bullet (for instance, the twist to the left instead of a twist to the right – visible on the bullet marks – can lead to characterizing the barrel, which is a major step in the procedure of gun identification). Following these characteristics of the bullet can lead, if not to the gun itself, to another series of reductions on the trailing and back-tracking, which can help identify the fire-gun, along with the other procedures and evidence of the case that is analyzed.

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The marks on the bullets depend on the types of rifling in the barrel, which at their turn are divided into two main categories: class characteristics – varying on the manufacturer and model of the fire-gun, different in shape and number of grooves, direction and twist rate. They can reduce the list of suspected fire-guns, but they’re not self-sufficient for the identification process. The individual characteristics on the other hand are produced by deformities and imperfections of the rifling process and its afferent tools. Another common cause for the imperfections that cause the individual characteristics of the rifling is represented by wear and tear in the regular use, reason for which they can suffer changes due to time factors. The most informed criminals (or simply citizens who do not agree with the government’s intrusion measures in their private life) customize and try to alter the individual characteristics of a gun, the most common methods being the abridgment or the changing of the barrel, or using a steel brush to friction the interior of the barrel.

Using breech markings on the cartridge case is another efficient method of identifying the weapon, due to the marks that can be matched to the breech and chamber. There are several reasons for which it is much easier to identify cartridge cases than the bullets, the most important being the durability and the resistance of the cartridge. While the bullet tends to suffer transformations after the impact, the cartridge will still be usable in identifying the type and size of the gun, thanks not only to the durability on the impact, but to their own individual markings that will not alter with time and usage. Whenever there are situations in which the hammer was switched out or worked on, the significance of the hammer striking the case becomes highly relevant to the identification process.

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Discussions

While the all in all procedure is highly effective for manual guns, there are some errors of tool. The first and most important one is that the identification process cannot trace back a shotgun, since most of the times there’s a protective plastic sleeve on the bullet making it resistant to the traces tha the barell would normally mark it with.

Another problem of this identification method is that there is no national/international database of the fire-guns. There have been numerous debates, especially in the United States of America, where the gun control represents a national issue of the moment, that there should be special national databases with the ingerprints. The only city to have applied this measure, however, is Maryland, where a fired case from the firearm has to be taken to the Maryland State Police where every new firearm will be photographed in order to log the information on a database. There is a report written by the police station of Maryland concerning this procedure to disband this idea, since the expenses are not justified and the database did not help in any criminal case.

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The second (and more popular) solution is the bullet marking procedure, which has had several proposals in the United States of America, on different national and confederate levels. Some of the jurisdictions have even passed the legislation to the effect. The most popular proposal is firearm micro-stamping, procedure by which the make, model and serial number of the gun is engraved both on the cartridge and on the face of the firing pin, which leads to the stamping of the primer while the firing pin impacts.

In 2008 there was a British researcher who proposed to the ammunition manufacturers coating the bullets of the fire-guns with pollen (or pollen deposit) coated with metal oxide. Since the pollen is highly difficult to be completely washed off, the attachment to the clothing and hands of criminals would only mean extra forensic evidence on the case, while the main advantage would consist of the hard outer case of the pollen grains, that would help them survive being fired. Using unique combinations of these chemicals and some other ones would make the ballistic fingerprinting easily traceable. A national poll held in the same year as this research was made showed that 77% of the citizens of the United States of America would agree with laws sustaining the ballistic fingerprinting, which would help the police identify what gun fired which bullet.

Ammunition serialization is another measure that was proposed as an alternative law enforcement tool that would facilitate the investigations of ballistic fingerprinting, gaining serious amounts of time on each investigation, given the fact that identifying the gun is the first step on finding the criminal, and not the final one.